TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• sticks to the side of the resist after lift-off. A larger undercut was achieved on multilayer resist with the help of multiple exposures [27]. The idea is to expose the resist layer by layer: The bottom resist was deposited and exposed. Then, aluminium was deposited as a spacer between the bottom and top

• controlled only by the development time. In a more recent study, the Al spacer was omitted, and the development was done with one solution since the bilayer resist is made from PMMA and its copolymer [28]. The process is quite time-consuming since the exposures are done layer by layer. Considering the two

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• to Nanoscribe’s “Smart Slicing” feature. All strategies, either software or combined fabrication methods, drastically reduce printing time and, ultimately, production cost. Even with software and hardware advances, 2PP is still a layer-by-layer approach, similar to DLP and SLA, such that we see the

• dimensions with high spatial resolution, which lends itself to continuous rather than discrete printing [59][61]. A key result of 2PP grayscale printing is that the technique is, on average, five to ten times faster than the common 2PP layer-by-layer approach [52]. Thiel et al. successfully applied 2GL® to

• free-standing 3D structures for the first time [62]. They also demonstrated that 3D printing by 2GL® was faster with better surface quality and shape accuracy than 2PP layer-by-layer methods [62]. Currently, Nanoscribe GmbH & Co is exploring 2GL® in three dimensions, and we look forward to the

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• ) method [95][96] and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly [97][98] are used to organize materials from molecules. Oishi and co-workers have used the LB method to create layered perovskite films with a uniform surface [99]. Similarly, LbL assembly is a simple and convenient way to create a wide range of materials

• layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly [132][133][134]. These conventional methodologies are now being used to create materials that can address social issues such as energy requirements [135][136], the environment [137][138], and medicine [139][140]. Many analytical studies have shown that high effectiveness

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• difficult to implement and tend to cause NP self-aggregation. In situ methods are therefore generally preferred and typically require the polymer film surface to be treated with a metal precursor solution (layer-by-layer [37][38], sol–gel [39]) before undergoing thermal [40] or chemical reduction reactions

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• , in which the TiO2 particles are uniformly attached to CNTs by layer-by-layer coating or sol–gel methods [15][16][17]. Notably, the defects on the wall surface of MWCNTs, which enable π–π interactions, could be the active sites to generate the TiO2 agglomerations via hydroxy groups and, thus, enhance

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• of chiral MOF-based films by layer-by-layer (LBL) liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) growth of [{Zn2((+)cam)2(dabco)}n] ((+)cam = (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acid, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) [104]. Through using SAMs with carboxylate and pyridyl groups, composite films (SURMOFs) with the enantiopure

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• , the substrate, absorbing the laser beam, heats up and evaporates or sublimes, which yields engraved 3D patterns [150]. In the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method, the thermoplastic material is heated to its softening point, then extruded through a nozzle and applied layer by layer to the build

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [95]. Melatonin-loaded TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by Lai et al. (2017). Subsequently, using a spin-based layer-by-layer approach, chitosan and gelatin-based films were applied. Further, an in vitro cell interaction study

• . Through cell viability, porosity measurements, in vitro degradation, and degradation tests, researchers determined that the composites showed increased biocompatibility and promoted cell proliferation and growth, in addition to having a steady degradation rate [61]. In addition, a layer-by-layer assembly

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• particles were squeezed by ice in a 2D space, forming nanosheets. 2D monocrystalline coordination polymers are anisotropic and, thus, very suitable to enhance inter-crystal interaction by forming laminar stacking superstructures. This concept was earlier demonstrated by applying a solution-based layer-by

• -layer growth technique coupled with the Langmuir–Blodgett method [143]. Both out-of-plane and in-plane orientations could be realized by using only two simple components (free-base porphyrin molecular building blocks and metal-ion joints without using pillaring units), suggesting the possibility to

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• on the tips of the nanorods by photodeposition or galvanic reduction [47][48]. Another facile method included layer-by-layer self-assembly deposition of chemically synthesized Au NPs, ZnO, and analyte molecules and resulted in dispersedly distributed ZnO particles onto a Au NP monolayer surface [49

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• antioxidant peptides by proteases. The combination of liposomes or polymers with different payload materials has been reported, for example, PEG-modified liposomes loaded with resveratrol, layer-by-layer-coated gelatin nanoparticles, or Gelucire-based solid lipid and polymeric micelles [14][15][16][17][18][19

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• surface area of the electrospun membranes offers more adsorption sites [54]. Wang et al. developed a highly porous PAN membrane, which was widely tuned by layer-by-layer assembly, which filtered PS microspheres at a lower pressure of 0.6 psi while the pressure required using conventional MF is 10 psi [55

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• microelectromechanical systems. Alternative manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing and two-photon polymerization (TPP), are promising new transformative technologies developed in recent years. These additive manufacturing methods use layer-by-layer processing to create 3D structures. Unlike other microfabrication

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• fracture of graphene, and many stairs form in the curves. The number of the stairs increases with an increase of the layer numbers. Therefore, it can be concluded that graphene and copper do not fracture simultaneously but layer by layer, which can effectively avoid the instant fracture of the composites

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• TE (12000 nm2). Their height distribution is enlarged compared to islands formed after TE, suggesting a growth mechanism that favors a 3D growth over layer-by-layer growth. A few profiles acquired on C60 islands in Figure 3c are shown in Figure 3f and compared to the profile acquired on the small

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• deposited atoms in each layer was proportionally reduced so that the thickness of the formed nanofilms did not change. The deposition flow area influence and the modeling region size on the relative layer-by-layer nanosystem composition are shown in Figure 9. The dependencies without an index in parentheses

• deposition flow area is shown at the top of (a) with solid black lines. The narrowing of the computational domain in (b) is illustrated by the factor ×0.5 in the horizontal direction. Relative layer-by-layer composition of the Nb–Co nanosystem when the deposition flux is reduced by four times (1) and the

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• investigation of the two surfaces, including low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns, are given in Appendix A. Since the interpretation of the optical data requires this knowledge, we summarize some details ahead here. PTCDA forms ordered structures and follows a layer-by-layer growth for at least the

• . The nature of these defects will be discussed in the next Section 3.3. Ad (iii): From our LEED experiments (see Appendix A) we know that PTCDA on Cu(111) grows layer-by-layer in the first three layers. Thus, we can assign the peak FLC, which appears in the third layer, to FL from ordered PTCDA domains

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• pressure-driven techniques, allow for intraparticle spatial control of the material composition through layer-by-layer techniques, no previous synthetic schemes were able to synthesize anisotropic protein nanoparticles with distinct hemispheres [5][11][12]. To address this issue, we have adapted

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• only related to the measurable surface area for amorphous electrode materials. One may consider different deposition mechanisms (e.g., van der Merwe layer-by-layer or Volmer–Weber island growth) to explain this. However, it is more likely related to different contributions of porosity that is even

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• , the bacteria was selectively eliminated from the HeLa cells. In a later study, published in 2017, the photothermally active Prussian blue nanoparticles were grafted on a glass surface via a layer-by-layer approach [74]. The self-assembled monolayers demonstrated photothermally induced antibacterial

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• based on polymers and layer-by-layer coating to prevent pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial agents, such as antibiotics, quaternary ammonium compounds and metal ions have been widely used. However, the extensive use of antibiotics against some bacteria might increase the bacterial resistance to these

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• (011) surface. A similar amount of molecules deposited onto the rutile (110) surface does not lead to the formation of such phases, and, instead, layer-by-layer deposition without any particular arrangement is observed (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1). This outcome may suggest that for SnPc